Operator Overloading C++

One of the nice features of C++ is that you can give special meanings to operators, when they are used with user-defined classes. This is called operator overloading. You can implement C++ operator overloads by providing special member-functions on your classes that follow a particular naming convention. For example, to overload the + operator for your class, you would provide a member-function named operator+ on your class.

The following set of operators is commonly overloaded for user-defined classes:

= (assignment operator)
+ - * (binary arithmetic operators)
+= -= *= (compound assignment operators)
== != (comparison operators)
Here are some guidelines for implementing these operators. These guidelines are very important to follow, so definitely get in the habit early.

Assignment Operator =

The assignment operator has a signature like this:

class MyClass {
public:
...
MyClass & operator=(const MyClass &rhs);
...
}

MyClass a, b;
...
b = a; // Same as b.operator=(a);
Notice that the = operator takes a const-reference to the right hand side of the assignment. The reason for this should be obvious, since we don't want to change that value; we only want to change what's on the left hand side.

Also, you will notice that a reference is returned by the assignment operator. This is to allow operator chaining. You typically see it with primitive types, like this:

int a, b, c, d, e;

a = b = c = d = e = 42;
This is interpreted by the compiler as:
a = (b = (c = (d = (e = 42))));
In other words, assignment is right-associative. The last assignment operation is evaluated first, and is propagated leftward through the series of assignments. Specifically:
e = 42 assigns 42 to e, then returns e as the result
The value of e is then assigned to d, and then d is returned as the result
The value of d is then assigned to c, and then c is returned as the result
etc.
Now, in order to support operator chaining, the assignment operator must return some value. The value that should be returned is a reference to the left-hand side of the assignment.

Notice that the returned reference is not declared const. This can be a bit confusing, because it allows you to write crazy stuff like this:

MyClass a, b, c;
...
(a = b) = c; // What??
At first glance, you might want to prevent situations like this, by having operator= return a const reference. However, statements like this will work with primitive types. And, even worse, some tools actually rely on this behavior. Therefore, it is important to return a non-const reference from your operator=. The rule of thumb is, "If it's good enough for ints, it's good enough for user-defined data-types."
So, for the hypothetical MyClass assignment operator, you would do something like this:

// Take a const-reference to the right-hand side of the assignment.
// Return a non-const reference to the left-hand side.
MyClass& MyClass::operator=(const MyClass &rhs) {
... // Do the assignment operation!

return *this; // Return a reference to myself.
}
Remember, this is a pointer to the object that the member function is being called on. Since a = b is treated as a.operator=(b), you can see why it makes sense to return the object that the function is called on; object a is the left-hand side.
But, the member function needs to return a reference to the object, not a pointer to the object. So, it returns *this, which returns what this points at (i.e. the object), not the pointer itself. (In C++, instances are turned into references, and vice versa, pretty much automatically, so even though *this is an instance, C++ implicitly converts it into a reference to the instance.)

Now, one more very important point about the assignment operator:

YOU MUST CHECK FOR SELF-ASSIGNMENT!

This is especially important when your class does its own memory allocation. Here is why: The typical sequence of operations within an assignment operator is usually something like this:

MyClass& MyClass::operator=(const MyClass &rhs) {
// 1. Deallocate any memory that MyClass is using internally
// 2. Allocate some memory to hold the contents of rhs
// 3. Copy the values from rhs into this instance
// 4. Return *this
}
Now, what happens when you do something like this:
MyClass mc;
...
mc = mc; // BLAMMO.
You can hopefully see that this would wreak havoc on your program. Because mc is on the left-hand side and on the right-hand side, the first thing that happens is that mc releases any memory it holds internally. But, this is where the values were going to be copied from, since mc is also on the right-hand side! So, you can see that this completely messes up the rest of the assignment operator's internals.
The easy way to avoid this is to CHECK FOR SELF-ASSIGNMENT. There are many ways to answer the question, "Are these two instances the same?" But, for our purposes, just compare the two objects' addresses. If they are the same, then don't do assignment. If they are different, then do the assignment.

So, the correct and safe version of the MyClass assignment operator would be this:

MyClass& MyClass::operator=(const MyClass &rhs) {
// Check for self-assignment!
if (this == &rhs) // Same object?
return *this; // Yes, so skip assignment, and just return *this.

... // Deallocate, allocate new space, copy values...

return *this;
}
Or, you can simplify this a bit by doing:
MyClass& MyClass::operator=(const MyClass &rhs) {

// Only do assignment if RHS is a different object from this.
if (this != &rhs) {
... // Deallocate, allocate new space, copy values...
}

return *this;
}
Remember that in the comparison, this is a pointer to the object being called, and &rhs is a pointer to the object being passed in as the argument. So, you can see that we avoid the dangers of self-assignment with this check.
In summary, the guidelines for the assignment operator are:

Take a const-reference for the argument (the right-hand side of the assignment).
Return a reference to the left-hand side, to support safe and reasonable operator chaining. (Do this by returning *this.)
Check for self-assignment, by comparing the pointers (this to &rhs).

Compound Assignment Operators += -= *=

I discuss these before the arithmetic operators for a very specific reason, but we will get to that in a moment. The important point is that these are destructive operators, because they update or replace the values on the left-hand side of the assignment. So, you write:

MyClass a, b;
...
a += b; // Same as a.operator+=(b)
In this case, the values within a are modified by the += operator.
How those values are modified isn't very important - obviously, what MyClass represents will dictate what these operators mean.

The member function signature for such an operator should be like this:

MyClass & MyClass::operator+=(const MyClass &rhs) {
...
}
We have already covered the reason why rhs is a const-reference. And, the implementation of such an operation should also be straightforward.
But, you will notice that the operator returns a MyClass-reference, and a non-const one at that. This is so you can do things like this:

MyClass mc;
...
(mc += 5) += 3;
Don't ask me why somebody would want to do this, but just like the normal assignment operator, this is allowed by the primitive data types. Our user-defined datatypes should match the same general characteristics of the primitive data types when it comes to operators, to make sure that everything works as expected.

This is very straightforward to do. Just write your compound assignment operator implementation, and return *this at the end, just like for the regular assignment operator. So, you would end up with something like this:

MyClass & MyClass::operator+=(const MyClass &rhs) {
... // Do the compound assignment work.

return *this;
}
As one last note, in general you should beware of self-assignment with compound assignment operators as well. Fortunately, none of the C++ track's labs require you to worry about this, but you should always give it some thought when you are working on your own classes.

Binary Arithmetic Operators + - *

The binary arithmetic operators are interesting because they don't modify either operand - they actually return a new value from the two arguments. You might think this is going to be an annoying bit of extra work, but here is the secret:

Define your binary arithmetic operators using your compound assignment operators.

There, I just saved you a bunch of time on your homeworks.

So, you have implemented your += operator, and now you want to implement the + operator. The function signature should be like this:

// Add this instance's value to other, and return a new instance
// with the result.
const MyClass MyClass::operator+(const MyClass &other) const {
MyClass result = *this; // Make a copy of myself. Same as MyClass result(*this);
result += other; // Use += to add other to the copy.
return result; // All done!
}
Simple!
Actually, this explicitly spells out all of the steps, and if you want, you can combine them all into a single statement, like so:

// Add this instance's value to other, and return a new instance
// with the result.
const MyClass MyClass::operator+(const MyClass &other) const {
return MyClass(*this) += other;
}
This creates an unnamed instance of MyClass, which is a copy of *this. Then, the += operator is called on the temporary value, and then returns it.
If that last statement doesn't make sense to you yet, then stick with the other way, which spells out all of the steps. But, if you understand exactly what is going on, then you can use that approach.

You will notice that the + operator returns a const instance, not a const reference. This is so that people can't write strange statements like this:

MyClass a, b, c;
...
(a + b) = c; // Wuh...?
This statement would basically do nothing, but if the + operator returns a non-const value, it will compile! So, we want to return a const instance, so that such madness will not even be allowed to compile.
To summarize, the guidelines for the binary arithmetic operators are:

Implement the compound assignment operators from scratch, and then define the binary arithmetic operators in terms of the corresponding compound assignment operators.
Return a const instance, to prevent worthless and confusing assignment operations that shouldn't be allowed.

Comparison Operators == and !=

The comparison operators are very simple. Define == first, using a function signature like this:

bool MyClass::operator==(const MyClass &other) const {
... // Compare the values, and return a bool result.
}
The internals are very obvious and straightforward, and the bool return-value is also very obvious.
The important point here is that the != operator can also be defined in terms of the == operator, and you should do this to save effort. You can do something like this:

bool MyClass::operator!=(const MyClass &other) const {
return !(*this == other);
}
That way you get to reuse the hard work you did on implementing your == operator. Also, your code is far less likely to exhibit inconsistencies between == and !=, since one is implemented in terms of the other.